Evolution and Connotations of "Prohibition"， "Contraindication"， or "Use with Caution" in Chinese Materia Medica / 中国实验方剂学杂志

This study systematically combed and analyzed the use of such terms as "prohibition"， "contraindication"， and "use with caution" in ancient Chinese books on materia medica and prescriptions， Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China（《中华人民共和国药典》）， and teaching materials and monographs of Chinese materia medica by means of hermeneutics， commentariology， textology， and data mining， and explored the historical evolution and conceptual connotations of "prohibition"， "contraindication"， and "use with caution" in Chinese materia medica， so as to provide reference for standardizing their understandings and clinical reasonable medication. The "prohibition"， "contraindication"， and "use with caution" of Chinese materia medica were first proposed in the period of pre-Qin and Han dynasties. "Prohibition" and "contraindication" were separately developed in the Sui， Tang， and Five dynasties and Song， Jin， and Yuan dynasties and have been widely used since the Ming and Qing dynasties. The "use with caution" becomes popular rapidly in modern times and is often present in clinical medication together with "prohibition" and "contraindication". "Prohibition" basically means strictly prohibited and "contraindication" means to avoid as much as possible. The terms "prohibition"， "contraindication"， and "use with caution" have experienced evolution from the pre-Qin period to modern times， and they are used to describe the degree of restriction on drug use（"prohibition" > " contraindication" > "use with caution"）.

Um estudo sobre o paradigma proibicionista e a (des)criminalização da maconha no Brasil / A study of the prohibitionist paradigm and the (de)criminalization of marihuana in Brasil / Un estudio sobre el paradigma prohibicionista y la (des)criminalización de la marihuana em Brasil

A maconha atualmente figura entre as substâncias consideradas ilícitas no Brasil. No entanto, nem sempre foi assim. O processo histórico que culminou com a proibição da maconha no Brasil é datado do início do século XX, perpassado por concepções eugenistas e higienistas que consolidaria o paradigma proibicionista.Todavia, ainda que paulatinamente, o proibicionismo vem sendo questionado em âmbito internacional e já há registros de outros modelos de relação de Estados com as drogas e dos indivíduos com as substâncias psicoativas. Sendo assim, o presente artigo, através da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas, buscou identificar as diferentes maneiras pelas quais a proibição da maconha exerce seus efeitos nas subjetividades de indivíduos militantes, usuários ou não da planta. Dessa maneira, pretende-se demostrar a possibilidade de se pensar novas formas de se relacionar com a maconha, tanto em âmbito individual quanto em âmbito social, e ampliar o conhecimento da população acerca dos efeitos da proibição. (AU)

Marijuana currently ranks among the substances considered illegal in Brazil. However, it was not always like this. The historical process that culminated inthe prohibition of marijuana in Brazil is dated to the beginning of the 20th century, when eugenicist and hygienist ideas helped to consolidated the prohibitionist paradigm. However, even if gradually, prohibitionism has been questioned at the international level and there are already records of other models of relationship between States and drugs and between individuals and psychoactive substances. Therefore, this article, through semi-structured interviews, sought to identify the different ways in which the prohibition of marijuana exerts its effects on the subjectivities of individuals, users or not users of the plant. In this way, it is intended to demonstrate the possibility of thinking about new ways of relating to marijuana, both individually and socially and to broaden the population's knowledge about the effects of the ban. (AU)

La marihuana, en la actualidad, se encuentra como las substancias ilegales en Brasil. Pero no siempre fue así. El proceso histórico que culminó con la prohibición de marihuana en Brasil data del principio del siglo XX, influenciado por concepciones eugénicas e higienistas que consolidarían el paradigma prohibicionista. Aunque gradualmente, el prohibicionismo ha sido cuestionado y ya existen otros modos de relación entre los Estados con las drogas y también de las personas con las substancias. Por ello, este artículo, a través de entrevistas, buscó identificar las diferentes formas que la prohibición de la marihuana ejerce sus efectos sobre la subjetividad. Por lo tanto, tiene la intención de demonstrar la posibilidad de pensar en diferentes modos de relacionarse con la marihuana, tanto individual como socialmente, así como aumentar el conocimiento acerca de los efectos de la criminalización. (AU)

Feasibility analysis and research practice for development of alternative antibiotic feeding products based on non-medicinal parts and by-products in processing of Chinese medicinal materials / 中草药

Chinese medicine resources are national strategic resources, which not only make important contributions to human health, but also provide an important material basis for disease prevention and control of livestock and poultry. With the promulgation and implementation of the policy of banning antibiotics in livestock and poultry feeding products, the development of feeding products that can effectively replace antibiotics has become a research hotspot in the animal husbandry industry. Feeding products with traditional Chinese medicine based on natural plant resources have been recognized as an important direction to realize the replacement of antibiotics in feeding products. In the process of production and industrialization of Chinese medicinal materials, a large number of non-medicinal parts and by-products have not been effectively utilized, which not only causes huge waste of resources, but also exacerbates the pressure of ecological environment. However, modern research has found that most of these unused wastes and by-products are rich in feedable resources with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, digestive-promoting and nutritional functions. In addition, these wastes and by-products exhibit the resource characteristics such as huge reserves and low production costs, and are urgently needed to be disposed. Accordingly, this paper puts forward that non-medicinal parts and by-products produced in the production and industrialization of Chinese medicinal materials are the important raw materials for the development of antibiotic alternative feeding products. Then, the feasibility of this proposal was analyzed, the existing research practices were summarized, and some suggestions for industrial development were proposed, with view to providing support for the improvement of the utilization efficiency and green development of Chinese medicine resources industry, and providing an effective alternative to feeding antibiotics.

Sofrimento e Violência que a Lógica Proibicionista Gera na Vida de Usuários de Drogas Ilícitas / Suffering and Violence that Prohibitionist Logic Gets in the Lives of Illicit Drug Users / Sufrimiento y Violencia que la Lógica Prohibicionista Genera en la Vida de Usuarios de Drogas Ilícitas

A proibição do uso de drogas é um fenômeno essencialmente moderno, pautada numa postura intolerante e repressiva, um discurso de terror e punição que acaba por gerar violência e sofrimento para os usuários de substâncias ilícitas. Mostramos por meio de alguns teóricos o quanto os discursos e práticas ideologizados colocam as pessoas que utilizam drogas ilícitas como inimigos sociais sem considerar as contradições e riscos a que são submetidos cotidianamente, além de ir em direção oposta à tendência à atualização e ao potencial do indivíduo. O presente estudo se caracteriza por ser uma pesquisa bibliográfica, de cunho qualitativo. A literatura consultada sugere que o fenômeno das drogas é complexo e se configura como pertencente à condição humana, bem como o único meio de contribuir com a ampliação de sentidos existências é por meio da política de Redução de Danos.(AU)

The prohibition of drug use is an essentially modern phenomeno, based on an intolerant and repressive stance, a discourse of terror and punishment, which generates violence and suffering to users of illicit substances. We have shown through some theorists how ideological discourses and practices place people who use illicit drugs as social enemies without considering the contradictions and risks they are submitted daily, in addition to going in the opposite direction as to the tendency to update and the potential of the individual. The present study is characterized by a qualitative bibliographical research. With the elaboration of such a study it is able to perceive that the phenomenon of drugs is complex, and is configured as belonging to the condition, as well as the only way to contribute to the expansion of existent senses is through the Harm Reduction policy.(AU)

La prohibición del uso de drogas es un fenómeno esencialmente moderno, pautado en una postura intolerante y represiva, un discurso de terror y castigo que acaba por generar violencia y sufrimiento para los usuarios de sustancias ilícitas. Mostramos por medio de algunos teóricos cuánto los discursos y prácticas ideologizados colocan a las personas que utilizan drogas ilícitas como enemigos sociales sin considerar las contradicciones y riesgos a que son sometidos cotidianamente, además de ir en dirección opuesta a la tendencia a la actualización y al potencial del individuo. El presente estudio se caracteriza por ser una investigación bibliográfica, de cuño cualitativo. La literatura consultada sugiere que el fenómeno de las drogas es complejo, y se configura como perteneciente a la condición humana, así como el único medio de contribuir con la ampliación de sentidos existencias es por medio de la política de Reducción de Daños.(AU)

Proibicionismo e atenção em saúde a usuários de drogas: tensões e desafios às políticas públicas / Prohibicionismo y la atención de salud a los usuarios de drogas: tensiones y desafíos para las políticas públicas / Prohibition and health care for drug users: tensions and challenges to public policies

Resumo O presente trabalho tem como intuito promover discussão acerca da temática de uso e abuso de álcool e outras drogas na sociedade atual. Objetiva refletir sobre os modelos e práticas de atenção a usuários de drogas em meio às políticas públicas atualmente em voga. Parte do reconhecimento sobre a presença do uso de substâncias psicoativas em diferentes contextos e momentos históricos, para, então, discorrer sobre o uso e abuso de drogas. Destaca, ainda, o modelo de atenção psicossocial para usuários de drogas em sua relação com a cultura proibicionista e ações de repressão e intolerância às drogas. Por fim, o artigo conclui que as atuais políticas públicas de atenção aos usuários, incluída a lógica da redução de danos, se encontram em rota de colisão e tensionamento com o ainda predominante proibicionismo e com a velada e desassistida cultura de consumo de drogas.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo promover la discusión sobre uso y abuso de alcohol y otras drogas en nuestra sociedad hoy en día. Así, pretende reflexionar sobre los modelos y prácticas de atención a usuarios de drogas, en medio de las políticas públicas actualmente en boga. Por lo tanto, parte del reconocimiento de la presencia de sustancias psicoactivas utilizar en diferentes contextos y momentos históricos y luego discutir el uso y abuso de drogas en nuestra sociedad hoy en día. Aún así, pone de relieve el modelo de atención psicosocial para los usuarios de drogas, en su relación con la cultura prohibicionista y las acciones de represión e intolerancia a los medicamentos. Por último, el artículo concluye que la actual política pública de atención a usuarios, incluyendo la lógica de reducción de daños, presentase en un curso de colisión y tensión con la prohibición imperante y aún con la cultura con velo y sin ayuda del consumo de drogas.

Abstract The present work aims to promote discussion about the use and abuse of alcohol and other drugs in our current society. It aims to reflect on the models and practices of attention to drug users, in the midst of public policies currently in vogue. The work starts by recognizing the presence of the use of psychoactive substances in different contexts and historical moments, to then discuss the use and abuse of drugs in our current society. Also, it emphasizes the model of psychosocial attention for drug users, in its relation with the prohibitionist culture and actions of drug repression and intolerance. Finally, the article concludes that the current public policies of attention to users, including the harm reduction logic, are on a collision and tensioning route with the still predominant prohibition and with the veiled and unassisted drug consumer culture.

A review of trade practices of smokeless tobacco products in terms of prohibition on sale, manufacturing & importation in Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ratified Parties

Background & objectives: Over the past decade, the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) has served as a powerful tool to initiate and advance global tobacco control efforts. However, the control strategies have mainly targeted demand-side measures. The goal of a tobacco-free world by 2040 cannot be achieved if the supply-side measures are not addressed. This analysis was undertaken to examine the tobacco control legislations of various Parties ratifying WHO FCTC with an objective to ascertain the status of prohibition of importation, sale and manufacturing of smokeless tobacco products. Methods: All 180 Parties to WHO FCTC were included for the study. A comprehensive database of all the parties to FCTC was created and tobacco control legislations and regulations of all parties were studied in detail. Results: Overall, the sale of smokeless tobacco (SLT) products was prohibited in 45 Parties. Eleven Parties prohibited manufacturing of SLT products and six Parties imposed a ban on importation of SLT products. Australia, Bhutan, Singapore and Sri Lanka banned all three. Interpretation & conclusions: Comprehensive tobacco control strategy with effective tobacco cessation programme should complement strong legal actions such as prohibition on trade in SLT products to meet the public health objective of such laws and regulations. In addition, multisectoral efforts are needed for effective implementation of such restrictions imposed by the governments.

From to ：the formation of early acupuncture safety regulation / 中国针灸

Acupuncture safety is an unavoidable problem in acupuncture clinical. is the earliest ancient literature on acupuncture taboo, which has a far-reaching influence on the clinical acupuncture safety regulation. of - absorbs the essence of , retaining most of the contents of the theory and rearranging it. This paper tries to explore the discussions about , compared with , from the point of "anatomy" and "spirit", to describe the early understanding of acupuncture taboo, to emphasize the importance of acupuncture safety from three aspects, as human anatomy, needle and operation, and mental and functional status. It is suggested that a relatively preliminary acupuncture safety regulation was being formed at the time, in order to bring inspiration to the contemporary acupuncture clinical .

Evitação e proibição do incesto: fatores psicobiológicos e culturais / Évitement et prohibition de l'inceste: facteurs psychobiologiques et culturels / La evitación y la prohibición del incesto: factores psicobiológicos y culturales / Incest avoidance and prohibition: psychobiological and cultural factors

Embora historicamente a regulação proibitiva do incesto seja considerada um fenômeno cultural quase universal que não é influenciado por fatores psicobiológicos relativos à história evolutiva da espécie humana, evidências recentes têm questionado essa visão tradicional e defendido que a evitação e a proibição do incesto são influenciadas biológica e cognitivamente com a cultura. Este artigo objetiva desenvolver uma discussão teórica acerca da inibição e proibição do incesto, enfatizando os mecanismos evolutivos subjacentes a esses fenômenos. Argumenta-se a existência de mecanismos endógenos que evoluíram porque inibem a atividade sexual entre parentes próximos e que formam a base para regular socialmente a proibição do incesto (mecanismo exógeno). Destaca-se o efeito Westermarck, no qual a proximidade de pessoas que vivem juntas desde a infância provoca uma aversão ao intercurso sexual entre elas. A ausência de propensão ao incesto e sua proibição institucional constituem uma complexa integração entre fatores psicobiológicos e culturais.

Bien que, historiquement, le règlement prohibitif de l'inceste est considéré comme un phénomène culturel presque omniprésente pas influencé par des facteurs psychobiologiques liés à l'évolutionniste de l'histoire de l'espèce humaine, des preuves récentes ont contesté ce point de vue traditionnel et fait valoir que la prévention et la prohibition de l'inceste sont influencées biologiquement et cognitivement le long à la réglementation culturelle. Cet article vise à développer une discussion théorique sur l'interdiction et la prévention de l'inceste, mettant l'accent sur les mécanismes de l'évolution sous-tendent à ces phénomènes. On fait valoir l'existence de mécanismes endogènes qui ont évolué car ils inhibent l'activité sexuelle entre proches parents et qui forment la base de l'interdiction formulée culturellement de l'inceste (mécanisme exogène). L'effet Westermarck est mis en évidence, dans lequel la proximité des personnes qui vivent ensemble depuis la petite enfance déclenche une aversion pour les rapports sexuels entre eux. L'absence de propension à l'inceste et son interdiction institutionnelle représentent une intégration complexe entre les facteurs psychobiologiques et culturels.

Aunque históricamente la prohibición del incesto es considerada como un fenómeno cultural, casi universal, que no está influenciada por factores psicobiológicos relacionados con la historia evolutiva de la especie humana, las evidencias recientes han desafiado este punto de vista tradicional, argumentando que la prevención y la prohibición del incesto son influenciados biológica y cognitivamente juntos a la regulación cultural. Este texto tiene como objetivo desarrollar una discusión teórica de la inhibición y el tabú del incesto, subrayando los mecanismos evolutivos que subyacen a estos fenómenos. Argumenta la existencia de mecanismos endógenos evolutivos que inhiben la actividad sexual entre parientes cercanos y forman la base para la prohibición del incesto culturalmente formulado (mecanismo exógeno). Se pone de relieve el efecto Westermarck en el que la proximidad de las personas que viven juntas desde la primera infancia provoca una aversión a las relaciones sexuales entre ellas. La falta de propensión hacia el incesto y su prohibición institucional forman una integración compleja entre los factores psicobiológicos y culturales.

Although historically the incest prohibitive regulation is considered an almost ubiquitous cultural phenomenon that is not influenced by psychobiological factors related to the evolutionary history of human species, recent findings have challenged this traditional view and argued that the incest avoidance and prohibition are influenced by biological and cognitive factors along with cultural regulation. This article aims to develop a theoretical discussion about incest prohibition and avoidance, emphasizing the evolutionary mechanisms underlying these phenomena. One argues the existence of endogenous mechanisms that have evolved for inhibiting sexual activity between close relatives and form the basis to regulate the incest prohibition (exogenous mechanism) socially. The Westermarck effect is highlighted, in which the close proximity of persons living together from early childhood triggers sexual intercourse aversion between them. The absence of disposition to incest and its institutional prohibition represent a complex integration between psychobiological and cultural factors.

Revisión histórica de la prohibición de las drogas en Estados Unidos: desde los pilgrims hasta el Partido Prohibicionista / Historical review of the prohibition of drugs in the United States: from the pilgrims to the prohibitionist party

En este artículo se identifican las bases históricas del prohibicionismo hacia las drogas en Estados Unidos. Se propone que la negativa del empleo recreativo de las drogas no es exclusiva del siglo XX; en el caso de Estados Unidos es un proceso que se origina desde la llegada de los primeros colonos y tiene fundamento en la esfera religiosa protestante, en el desarrollo del capitalismo y más tarde en la oleada migratoria procedente de otras latitudes

This article describes the historical bases of the prohibition of drugs in the United States of America. It is proposed that the refusal to the recreational use of drugs is not unique to the twentieth century; in the American case is a process that originates from the arrival of the first settlers and in the protestant religious dogma, in the development of capitalism, and later in the migration wave

Figuras e facetas da lógica proibicionista-medicalizante nas políticas sobre drogas, no Brasil / Figures and facets of the prohibitionist-medicalinzg logic in Brazilian drug policies / Figuras y facetas de las políticas prohibicionistas de drogas-medicalizacíon lógica em Brasil

Este artigo visa apresentar uma análise teórica a respeito da lei e norma na definição da opção política proibicionista no Brasil, nas últimas décadas. O debate central é como as políticas sobre drogas têm sido embasadas na perspectiva proibicionista. No bojo dessa postura de proibição legal, a tática repressiva ganhou expressão social e foi inscrita no plano da soberania jurídica normatizadora. Os movimentos de lei e ordem cada vez mais se entrecruzaram e passaram a requisitar a criminalização do uso e do comércio de drogas, em especial as consideradas ilícitas em um intricado campo de governamentalidades resultante de uma política criminal encarceradora e de uma perspectiva medicalizante do consumo de drogas legais, tais como os psicofármacos. Paralelamente, um conjunto de práticas discursivas e de poder operaram conjuntamente na definição do que são drogas e de quais são lícitas e quais são ilícitas, por meio de um sistema de repartição complexo.

This paper offers a theoretical analysis of law and norm in the definition of Brazil's prohibitionist drug policy in recent decades. The central argument advances that drug policies have been based on a prohibitionist perspective. At the core of this stance of legal prohibition, repressive tactics gained social acceptance and were inscribed in a plan towards a normalizing judicial sovereignty. Law and order movements increasingly intercrossed and instituted the criminalization of drug use and the drug trade-particularly for those deemed illegal-by means of an intricate field of governmentalities which resulted in a carceral criminal policy and a medicalized view of legal drug use, including psychotropics. In parallel, a set of discursive and power practices operated jointly to define through a complex system of classification what constitutes a drug and which drugs are to be considered legal or illegal.

Este artículo presenta un análisis teórico sobre la ley y la definición estándar de la opción política prohibicionista en Brasil en las últimas décadas. El debate central es cómo las políticas de drogas se han basado en la perspectiva prohibicionista. En el núcleo de esta actitud de prohibición legal, las tácticas represivas ganaron expresión social y se inscribieron en el plan de normalización de la soberanía legal. Los movimientos de la ley y el orden cada vez se entrecruzaban y comenzaron a pedir la criminalización del uso de drogas y el tráfico de drogas, en especial los que se consideran ilegales en un terreno intrincado gubernamentalidads encarcelamiento como resultado de una política criminal y una mirada medicalización de consumo drogas legales tales como los psicotrópicos. En paralelo, un conjunto de prácticas discursivas y poder operar en las inmediaciones en la definición de lo que es y lo que las drogas son legales y cuáles son ilegales, a través de un complejo sistema de asignación.

Proibicionismo e poder regulatório: uma pesquisa documental sobre o processo administrativo de classificação das drogas / Prohibition and regulatory authority: a documental research about drugs categorizing administrative process / Prohibicionismo y potestad reglamentaria: una investigación documental acerca del proceso administrativo de clasificación de las drogas

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo mapear o processo decisório identificando atores e fundamentos da produção normativa regulatória no âmbito das políticas públicas sobre drogas, consubstanciadas na edição e atualizações da Portaria SVS/MS nº 344/1998, que define as regras para substâncias de controle especial e substâncias proibidas no Brasil, e complementam o sentido da Lei 11.343/2006. Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental para elucidar os seguintes pontos: correspondência dos atos praticados pela ANVISA à necessidade de acompanhar as atualizações das listas das convenções internacionais sobre o tema; atores que tem iniciativa no processo de inclusão de substâncias; etapas do processo; utilização de instrumentos de participação social, transparência decisória e accountability; fontes consultadas para subsidiar a decisão e principais motivos relatados nos pareceres técnicos. Os resultados mostram que não há plena correspondência entre os parâmetros internacionais e a inclusão das substâncias nas listas de controle brasileiras e que o fundamento da proibição está mais relacionado a razões de segurança do que propriamente aos danos para a saúde, provavelmente devido à influência assimétrica de grupos de interesse no processo administrativo

This work aims to map the decision making process and identify actors and foundation of regulatory normative acts within public policy about drugs, consubstantiated with the edition and updates of Portaria SVS/MS nº 344/1998, which defines rules to substances under special control and forbidden substances in Brazil, and complement the meaning of Law 11.343/2006. A documentary research was made to elucidate the following issues: compliance of the acts of National Agency for Sanitary Vigilance - ANVISA to the actualizations of the lists of the international conventions about the theme; actors who have initiative of the inclusion process of substances; steps of the process; use of social participation, decisional transparency and accountability mechanisms; consulted sources to subsidize the decision and main reasons related in the technical reports. The results shows that there's not total compliance to the international parameters with the inclusion of substances in the Brazilian controlling lists and that the prohibition is more related to public security reasons than health damages, probably due to asymmetric influence of interest groups in the administrative process

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo describir el proceso de toma de decisiones y identificar los actores y la fundamentación de la producción normativa reguladora ubicada en las políticas públicas de drogas, consagrados en la edición y actualiza la SVS / MS Nº 344/1998 por el que se establecen normas para el control de sustancias especiales y prohibidos en Brasil, y complementan el sentido de la Ley 11.343 / 2006. La investigación documental se llevó a cabo para aclarar los siguientes puntos: correspondencia de los actos realizados por la ANVISA a la necesidad de seguir las actualizaciones de la lista de los convenios internacionales en la materia; actores que tienen la iniciativa de incluir sustancias; las fases del proceso de inclusión de substancias; los instrumentos de participación social, transparencia y responsabilidad en la toma de decisiones; fuentes consultadas para apoyar la decisión y las razones principales reportados en los informes técnicos. Los resultados muestran que no existe plena correspondencia entre las normas internacionales y la inclusión de sustancias en las listas de control de Brasil, así que el motivo de la prohibición está más cerca de razones de seguridad que en realidad tiene que ver con los daños a la salud, probablemente debido a la influencia asimétrica de grupos de interés en el proceso administrativo

Experience and understanding of AMMSLTA in being OPCW designated laboratory for the analysis of authentic biomedical samples / 国际药学研究杂志

The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) has held 5 OPCW biomedical sample analysis confidence building exercises since 2009, and organized the first official OPCW biomedical proficiency test in February 2016. The Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMSLTA) took part in all tests, received score A in each test and successfully became one of the first OPCW designated laboratories for the analysis of authentic biomedical samples. This paper introduces the background about the establishment of OPCW designated laboratories for the analysis of authentic biomedical samples, requirements of designation and experience summarized by AMMSLTA during designation.

Experience and understanding of AMMSLTA in being OPCW designated laboratory for the analysis of authentic biomedical samples / 国际药学研究杂志

The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons(OPCW)has held 5 OPCW biomedical sample analysis confidence building exercises since 2009,and organized the first official OPCW biomedical proficiency test in February 2016. The Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis,Academy of Military Medical Sciences(AMMSLTA)took part in all tests,received score A in each test and successfully became one of the first OPCW designated laboratories for the analysis of authentic biomedical samples. This pa?per introduces the background about the establishment of OPCW designated laboratories for the analysis of authentic biomedical sam?ples,requirements of designation and experience summarized by AMMSLTA during designation.

Diagnostic value of serum prohibition, urinary neutrophil gelatinnase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule-1 detection on acute kidney injury / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To evaluate the value of early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in children by the detection of the serum prohibition (PHB),urinary neutrophil gelatinnase-associated lipocalin (NGAL),kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1)levels.Methods One hundred and eighty-six cases of patients including allergic purpura 80 cases,drrug poisoning 50 cases,kidney disease 40 cases,cardiopulmonary bypass surgery 16 cases were selected.The levels of serum PHB,urinary NGAL,KIM-I and serum creatinine (Scr) were detected,and the children were divided into the AKI and non-AKI group according to AKI criteria.The dynamic changes in serum PHB,urinary NGAL,KIM-1 and the Scr levels were observed,and ROC curve was used to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of serum PHB,urinary NGAL,KIM-1 in the diagnosis of AKI.Results The incidence of AKI of patients with allergic purpura,drug poisoning,kidney disease and cardiopulmonary bypass surgery were 35.00％ (28/80 cases),36.00％ (18/50 cases),60.00％ (24/ 40 cases) and 43.75％ (7/16 cases),respectivcly; 3 days before the diagnosis of AKI,the urine NGAL,KIM-1 And blood PHB in AKI group han no significant difference compared with those in non-AKI group,urine NGAL increased siggificantly 2 days before diagnosis of AKI compared with non-AKI group (P ＜ 0.05),urine KIM-1 and blood PHB increased significantly in the diagnosis of AKI before 1 day (all P ＜ 0.05) ; the levels of blood PHB,urine NGAL,KIM-1 and Scr inceased in AKI children in the different stages of AKI-R,AKI-I,AKI-F compared with non-AKI group,and the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05),changes in blood PHB,urine NGAL,KIM-1 level had significant difference among different AKI periods (all P ＜ 0.05) ; By ROC curve analysis,the unea under the curve of blood PHB,NGAL and KIM-1 was 0.614,0.802 and 0.627 respectively 2 days before diagnosis of AKI,the area under the curve of blood PHB,NGAL and KIM-1 was 0.926,0.958 and 0.906 respectively,1 day before diagnosis of AKI; the sensitivity and specificity of blood PHB were 84％ and 89％ respectively,those of urinary NGAL were 96％ and 93％,and that of urinary KIM-1 was 91％ and 92％ respectively; the error rate of serum PHB detection combined with urinary NGAL,KIM-1 was 0 in diagnosis of AKI.Conclusions Serum PHB detection combined urinary NGAL,KIM-1 on the basis of predisposes to AKI is important in the process and can be used as the diagnostic biomarkers for predicting the occurrence of AKI and the severity of the illness.

Hacia una medida objetiva de la discriminación en la cárcel: indicadores e índice de punición / Towards an objective measure of discrimination in jail: punishment indicators and index / Para uma medida objetiva da discriminação na cadeia: indicadores e índice do punição

La mayoría de las mujeres encarceladas en España cumplen sus condenas en cárceles mixtas, diseñadas por y para hombres. Además de sufrir un régimen de vida y seguridad que excede su peligrosidad y penaliza sus posibilidades de reingreso, la cultura del patriarcado reproduce en la cárcel su carácter discriminatorio con ellas, y llega incluso a castigarlas con más dureza que a sus compañeros. Aunque esta discriminación ya había sido enunciada anteriormente (Carlen & Worrall, 2004; Almeda, 2003), este artículo expone un método creado ad hoc, que permite medirla de manera empírica y objetiva. Los indicadores y el índice de punición aquí descritos han sido desarrollados en el marco del proyecto de investigación “SINDISCRIP” (Sistema de Indicadores de Discriminación en Instituciones Penitenciarias) , cuyo propósito principal era la creación de un sistema de información que permitiese observar la posible existencia de discriminación entre hombres y mujeres en y entre los distintos centros penitenciarios españoles. En este sistema también se abordaban otros indicadores, que examinaban las áreas de salud, trabajo, educación o condiciones de vida.

Most women imprisoned in Spain are serving their sentences in mixed jails designed by men and for men. Apart from suffering exceedingly hard regime, security and safety conditions above their own dangerousness and tending to penalize their potential re-entry, the “patriarchy culture” reproduces in prison its discriminatory nature against them and at times may even punish them more severely than their male counterparts. Although this discrimination had already been revealed (Carlen & Worrall, 2004; Almeda, 2003), this article presents a method created ad hoc that can be measured in an empirical and objective manner. Both punishment indicators and the index described have been developed within the framework of the “SINDISCRIP” (“Sistema de Indicadores de Discriminación en Instituciones Penitenciarias) research project, the main purpose of which was the creation of an information system whereby it could be possible to verify the potential existence of discrimination between men and women and the different Spanish correctional centers. Likewise, this system other indicators used to examine the areas of health, work, education or life conditions had been approached.

A maioria das mulheres presas na Espanha cumpre suas penas nas cadeias misturadas, projetadas por e para homens. Além de sofrer um regime da vida e da segurança que supera sua perigosidade e penaliza suas possibilidades de reingresso, a cultura do patriarcado reproduz na cadeia seu caráter discriminatório com elas, e chega a puni-las com mais dureza do que a seus companheiros. Embora esta discriminação já foi enunciada previamente (Carlen & Worrall, 2004; Almeda, 2003), este artigo expõe um método criado ad-hoc, que permite medi-la de maneira empírica e objetiva. Os indicadores e o índice da punição descritos aqui foram desenvolvidos dentro da estrutura do projeto da investigação “SINDISCRIP” (Sistema dos indicadores da discriminação em instituições penitenciárias), cujo propósito principal era a criação de um sistema de informação que permitisse observar a possível existência da discriminação entre homens e mulheres e entre os diferentes centros penitenciários espanhóis. Neste sistema também abordam-se outros indicadores que examinaram as áreas de saúde, de trabalho, de educação ou de condições de vida.

Acupuncture and moxibustion for patients / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

In this report, I trace the life of Prof. Hidetsurumaru Ishikawa who laid the foundation for the present successful development of acupuncture and moxibustion and pursued medical practice based on scientific evidence.<BR>Prof. Ishikawa was born in Toyama Prefecture. After graduation from Tokyo Imperial University, he moved to Kyoto Imperial University to work in Prof. Amaya’s laboratory.<BR>For 4 years starting from 1908, he studied in Europe, mainly under Prof. M. Verworn at Gottingen University, but also briefly visited Prof. I. Pavlov in Petersburg and Prof. E. Starling and Prof. C. Sherrington in England. He learned much about the newest science at that time, and these experiences served as a backbone for his later scientific research.<BR>After returning to Kyoto Imperial University as a professor of physiology, he developed the physiological sciences in Japan. Along with the progression of modern physiology, he came to recognize the need of a scientific approach to traditional medicine, especially acupuncture, as well as a psycho-physiological approach to analyzing human biological conditions. <BR>In the field of neurophysiology, he is famous for a sensational debate against Prof. Kato, who was one of his favorite disciples, about the conduction of electric impulses in anesthetized nerve cells:decrement or decrementless?<BR>After his retirement from Kyoto Imperial University in 1944, Prof. Ishikawa went to Tsu City as the head of Mie Prefectural Medical College, the predecessor of Mie University Faculty of Medicine and opened the department of acupuncture in the university hospital the following year. During the postwar occupation of Japan, the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ) decided to prohibit Japanese traditional medicine, because at that time, the general condition of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy in Japan was far below Western standards.<BR>Learning of the prohibition order, Prof. Ishikawa visited the GHQ over and over again to explain with his own data the scientific basis of acupuncture and to demonstrate the benefits of acupuncture to the GHQ medical officers. Probably due to accumulated strain, in 1949 Prof. Ishikawa had a stroke during a faculty meeting and died about 2 weeks later. Prof. Ishikawa was succeeded by his apprentice, Prof. Kyugo Sasagawa of Kyoto University, who organized the Japan Society of Acupuncture. The first conference was held at Kyoto University in 1953, and the society has been continuously developing to its present successful status.

Os percursos da transgressão (Bataille e Lacan) / The pathways of transgression (Bataille and Lacan)

Transgressão é uma noção que com muita frequência é esquecida, estigmatizada, ou atribuída pela doxa psicanalítica a uma estrutura em particular: a perversão. A transgressão faz pensar na infração, na desordem, na liberdade. Essa liberdade, contudo, depende paradoxalmente da lei, ao ponto de lei e transgressão algumas vezes poderem se confundir. Veremos como a transgressão se liga aos conceitos de desejo, fantasma e gozo, por meio das contribuições de Bataille e de Lacan, destacando os pontos de encontro e os de divergência entre esses dois autores, 'transgressores', sem sombra de dúvida.

Transgression is a stigmatized notion, often forgotten or attributed by the psychoanalytical doxa to a particular structure: perversion. Transgression reminds violation, disorder, freedom. But paradoxically, this particular freedom depends on the law, to the point that law and transgression can sometimes be confused. We shall see how transgression is bound to the concepts of desire, fantasy and enjoyment, through the contribution of Bataille and Lacan, stressing similarities and differences between these two authors, doubtless "transgressors".

The Preponderance and Prohibition of Integrated Using of Traditional Chinese and Western Medince / 国际中医中药杂志

To analyze preponderance and prohibition of combined using of tradifional Chinese and western medicine in clinical treatment,hoping to provide referencefor clinical application.

Review of the Auricular Acupuncture Effects / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

A seminar was held with “the development of research on auricular acupuncture” as the main theme. In this seminar, the recent development of auricular acupuncture in Japan and abroad, its action mechanism, and clinical effects were reviewed, and the findings were comprehensively evaluated.<BR>Concerning basic research on the effects of auricular acupuncture on obesity, the relationship between the auricle and hypothalamo-autonomic system and individual variation associated with differences in the condition of patients receiving the treatment were reported. As for the action mechanism, leptin expressed in white adi-pose tissue (WAT) due to acupuncture stimulation of the auricle was reported to bind to leptin receptors (Ob-R) in both peripheries and the center and suppress food intake.<BR>Concerning clinical effects of auricular acupuncture, the results reported in Japan indicating its effectiveness for the treatment of obesity were presented. However, no overall conclusion was reached, because papers published abroad were not consistent in the therapeutic procedure or evaluation parameters. Auricular acupuncture appeared to be clinically effective for analgesia and the treatment of drug addiction but ineffective as an anti-smoking treatment.